Journal of Community & Communication Research

Biodiversity and Abundance of Shell Fish in Akor and Itu Rivers of Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Nwachukwu S., Enyidi U. D. , Ofor C.O. — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Shellfish are important source of protein and essential amino acids. There are no regulations of shellfish exploitation in Nigeria leading to overfishing loss of species due to oil pollution especially in the Niger delta region. There is paucity of information on shellfish biodiversity in Niger delta region Nigeria. A survey on the biodiversity of shellfish of Akor River, Itunta Ibere Ikwuano Local Government Area Abia State and Itu River in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State both in Nigeria. There were three sampling stations per river covering upper river, midriver and lower river sections. The shellfishes were caught with caught with traps and handpicked from the rivers over a period of 18 months. There were two species of mussels Aspatharia dahomeyensis and Margaritifera margaritifera, caught within the period. The periwinkles that were caught, were Tympanotonus fuscatus, and Pachymelania aurita. Pachymelania aurita was specifically found at Itu River alone. The freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium macrobrachion and Macrobrachium vollenhoveni were the two species of shrimp caught on both rivers during the period of the experiment. The species of clam found in the rivers was Galatea paradoxa. There was only one species of fresh water oyster found at Itu river and this was Crassostrea gasar. There was no fresh water oyster found at Akor river. At Akor River, two species of snail; Melanoides Maculata and Pila ovata were obtained. The weight of crabs obtained at Akor and Itu Rivers were 35.64±11.67g and 31.81±10.71g respectively. Prawns gotten from Akor River weighed 22.32±24.97g and Itu River was 46.39±16.02g. Mussels weighed 4.74±5.10g and 8.66±3.00g at Akor and Itu river respectively. Periwinkle obtained from Akor River was 0.36±0.44g and 0.53±0.35g at Itu River and oyster 33.89±11.00g. Results shows that shell fishes are dominant in both Akor river and Itu river. Results also show some shellfishes that have normally been caught in marine and brackish water ecosystem, can now be found in the fresh waters of the Niger delta, probably due to migration, climate change or tidal systems.

Key words; Biodiversity, Abundance, Shellfish, Akor River, Itu River

Assessing the Utilization of Climate Change Adaptation Information among Maize Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria for Enhanced Climate Resilience

Umoh, Idaresit Uwem, Udousung, I. J, Edet, Namnso D — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Climate change is a serious threat to maize production in Nigeria, so it is of importance to highlight the need for effective adaptation strategies for farmers. However, the availability of climate change information does not always result in successful adaptation, as various obstacles hinder its efficient use. This study investigated the utilization of climate change adaptation information among maize farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, and its implications for climate resilience. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study collected data from 150 maize farmers through surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions, employing a multi-stage sampling procedure and descriptive statistical analysis to realize its objectives. The study examined the different communication channels through which the respondents receive climate adaptation information and found that the majority of information is conveyed by fellow farmers (29%), followed by friends and neighbours (16.7%), and radio (14.0%). The most widely available adaptation information in the study area included planting multiple crops (91.3%), preparing for pest and disease outbreaks (86.7%), rotating maize with legumes (82.1%), and seed preservation (62.1%). A grand mean of 2.38 indicated that 72% of the adaptation information was utilized by farmers. The main barriers to access and utilization were inadequate information (mean = 2.52) and the high cost of improved maize varieties (mean = 2.46). The study concludes that current information dissemination efforts are ineffective and calls for targeted communication strategies, capacity building for extension agents, and the promotion of climate-resilient agricultural practices.

Key Words: Climate Change Adaptation Information, Utilization, Maize farmers

Adoption of improved Production Practices among Rice Farmers in North-western Zone of Nigeria

Oduehie, T.C, Muhammad, M. B, Kalu, U. — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the adoption of improved rice production practices by farmers in Northwestern Nigeria. Data were collected from 463 farmers purposively selected from 16 Local Government Areas in Kebbi, Sokoto, Kaduna and Jigawa States, using structured interview schedule and Focused Group Discussions. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The socioeconomic characteristics of respondents showed that majority 40.2% are youth below 40 years, 58.3% are educated and 53% have farming experience above 10 years. Findings from the study showed that 95.25% of the respondents were aware of improved varieties (95%), while planting techniques were adopted by 94.25% of the farmers. Focused Group Discussion showed that, farmers prepared to grow indigenous variety (Danboto) because it is high yielding. Majority (31%) of the farmers were in the moderate adopter category. High cost of fertilizer recommendations (43.28%), low availability of improved seeds (22.89%) and lack of improved storage facilities (16.92%) were the major constraints to the adoption of improved production practices. This study concluded that majority of the farmers were moderate adopters. Hence, the study recommended improved farmers' access and use of agricultural inputs, especially, fertilizer recommendations and to explore inherent characters of indigenous varieties by breeders to develop ecology specific, high yielding and climate smart rice varieties.

Keywords: Adoption, Production Practices, Rice farmers

Socio-economic Determinants of Arable Crop Farmers’ Participation in Formal Financial Services in Umuahia Agricultural Zone of Abia State, Nigeria

Nnamani, N. G, Agu-Aguiyi, F. N, Enoch, C. M — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzed socio-economic determinants of arable crop farmers’ participation in formal financial services in Umuahia Agricultural Zone of Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study identified formal financial services in relation to the farmers’ participation; estimated the determinants of farmers’ participation in formal financial services and examined the constraints to participation in formal financial services by the farmers. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 80 respondents for the study. Data were obtained from primary source through structured questionnaires administered to the arable crop farmers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, mean scores, percentages and multiple regression analysis. Age (1.0%), household size (1.0%), and education (1.0%) positively affect crop farmer’s participation in formal financial services while farm proximity to formal financial institution (1.0%) had negative relationship with arable crops farmer’s probability of participating in formal financial services in the study area. Majority of the farmers were constrained by distance to formal financial institutions ( = 3.53). The study recommends improvement on farmers’ financial literacy through extension agents’ trainings since education is related to access to formal financial services.

Keywords: Determinants, Arable Crop Farmers, Formal Financial Services, Accessibility

Risks Mitigation Strategies Utilized by Poultry Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Nelson U. Okorie , Samuel Udoka — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated risks mitigation strategies utilized by poultry farmers in Akwa Ibom State. A total of 310 poultry farmers were selected across the three Agricultural zones in Akwa Ibom State using multi-stage sampling techniques. Relevant data were collected from the selected respondents with the aid of a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Likert-type scale rating. Results from the study showed that majority of the farmers were male, the mean age of the respondents was 45.67 years, majority of the farmers were educated and the mean farm experience was 6.65 years. The farmers were faced with different types of risks such as; high cost of feed (X̅=2.58), heat stress (X̅=2.58), stampede among the birds ((X̅=2.58), poor veterinary services (X̅=2.49), etc. Risks mitigation strategies employed by poultry farmers were avoiding overcrowding of birds, reducing poultry size and acquiring feed from safe and known sources. The result further showed that farmers adopted one measure in all items presented; sourcing for future market, use of control measures for predators and pests, disinfection of poultry premises. It was concluded that risks mitigation strategies adopted by poultry farmers in Akwa Ibom State have helped tremendously in sustenance and profitability of the enterprise. The study recommended better and stronger collaborations between the farmers, stakeholders and Extension agents for holistic review of the strategies for the sustainability of the poultry industry.

Key words: Risks, Mitigation strategies, Poultry farmers, Akwa Ibom

Analysis of Garri Wholesale Marketing in Bende Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria

Nzeakor, F. C, Okafor, A. C, 3Okpara, B. O, Udokure, U. J , Obasi, l. O — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzed garri wholesale marketing in Bende Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study determined the cost, returns and marketing efficiency of garri wholesale marketing in the study area; estimated the determinants of net returns of garri wholesale marketers and identified the challenges of garri wholesale marketing. The study population comprised of all garri wholesale marketers in Bende Local Government Area, Abia State. The sample size of this study was 60 respondents, selected using a multistage sampling procedure. Data for the study were obtained using a structured questionnaire and were analysed with means, frequencies, percentages, cost and returns, marketing efficiency and multiple regression models. Results showed that the marketers recorded net returns of ₦208,818.93, implying that wholesale garri marketing was lucrative, with the potential for higher net returns and should be taken as a source of livelihood. Age (p<0.05), household size (p<0.05), marketing experience (p<0.01), transport cost (p<0.01), and cooperative membership determined the net returns of the marketers. All (100%) of the respondents identified high transportation costs, high purchase costs, and limited access to finance as critical challenges in their operations. The study recommended that the government implement transport subsidies (Government transport services) for wholesale garri marketers to cushion the effect of high transport costs on their net returns.

Keywords: Marketing channels, net return, variable cost, fixed cost, marketing efficiency, challenges

Analysis of Perceived Causes and Consequences of Herders–Farmers Conflicts on Cassava and Yam Production in Southeast Nigeria

Kalu, C. I, Odoemelam, L E, Ekumankama, O. O — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined perceived causes of herder–farmer conflicts in Southeast Nigeria and their economic consequences for cassava and yam production. Primary data were collected from a random sample of 240 farmers using structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Descriptive analysis identified the principal perceived drivers as crop destruction by cattle (x̄ = 3.94), water pollution (x̄ = 3.90), sexual harassment of women by herders (x̄ = 3.85), and competition for land and water (x̄ = 3.80). Respondents reported economic impacts that included farm abandonment (x̄ = 3.26), reduced cultivated area (x̄ = 2.62), and decreased crop output (x̄ = 3.89). Simple linear regression analyses showed a statistically significant negative association between conflict and cassava production (β = −0.007, p < 0.05) and between conflict and yam output (β = −0.002, p < 0.05), suggesting that higher perceived conflict levels are associated with lower production of these two tuber crops. Since the study adopted a cross-sectional data design and the regression analysis was based on perception scores, these findings indicate association rather than causation, as other unmeasured factors may also affect cassava production in the study area. The study recommends strengthening local conflict‑resolution mechanisms, improving land‑use management and policies, and implementing targeted security measures to reduce crop losses and encourage return to cultivation.

Keywords: Herder-farmer, conflict, Cassava production, Yam production, Economic impact

Gendered Determinants of Cost Efficiency among Smallholder Arable Crop Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria

Osondu, K.R, Simonyan, J.B, Nwaru, J.C — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzed the gendered determinants of cost efficiency among smallholder arable crop farmers in Abia State, Nigeria, using a stochastic cost frontier model. Primary data were collected from 240 farmers using a multistage sampling technique. Results revealed significant gender differences in cost efficiency: for male farmers, γ = 0.8033 indicated that 80.3% of cost variation was due to inefficiency, while for female farmers, γ = 0.8760 indicated that 87.6% was attributable to inefficiency. For male farmers, land price, labour, planting materials, and agrochemicals significantly increased production costs, while age and household size reduced inefficiency. Marital status and credit access increased inefficiency for men, likely due to resource diversion and household obligations. For female farmers, the cost of planting materials significantly increased production expenses, whereas age, farming experience, education, and credit access improved efficiency. Overall, the study showed that, male inefficiency stemmed mainly from high input and labour costs, while female inefficiency was linked to constrained access to productive resources and rising input prices. The study recommends enhanced input subsidies, gender-sensitive credit monitoring, and capacity‑building programs to improve cost efficiency and profitability among smallholder arable crop farmers in Abia State.

Keywords: Gender, determinants, Economic efficiency, and Arable crop farmers

Effectiveness of the Anchor Borrower’s Programme on the Livelihood of Rice Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria

Maduka, O.A., Kalu, U, Folarin, E.A, Kalu, N.E. — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed the effectiveness of the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme (ABP) on the livelihood of rice farmers in Anambra state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 80 respondents. With the aid of a questionnaire, data were collected on effect of ABP on rice farmers’ productivity, perceived effect of ABP on the farmers’ standard of living, effectiveness of ABP on their livelihood, and problems encountered by the ABP beneficiaries in accessing the programme. Collected data were analysed using percentages and mean and hypothesis tested using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation. Results show that the ABP had marginal impact (x̄ = 2.52) on the productivity of the farmers, with input supplies having most significant impact. The effect of ABP on the farmers’ standard of living was high (x̄ = 2.62), and the beneficiaries perceived the ABP to be effective (x̄ = 3.75) in line with all the objectives of the programme. The result also shows that the beneficiaries encountered severe constraints such as; Lack of adequate training (x̄ = 3.75), lack of proper supervision (x̄ = 3.68) among others, and further revealed that there is a significant relationship between the constraints faced by the farmers and the effect of the programme on their productivity. The study concludes that though the programme was rated high in its effectiveness, this could not translate to increased productivity for the rice farmers. It therefore recommends improving the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme by enhancing monitoring, ensuring timely and adequate input distribution, and fully implementing all project components such as training.

Keywords: Anchor Borrower, Beneficiaries, Effectiveness

Effect of Anchor Borrowers’ Programme on the Annual Income of Rice Farmers in Aninri Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria

Ekweanya, N. M. — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the effect of the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme (ABP) on the annual income of rice farmers in Aninri Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to identify ABP activities extended to them, and ascertain their annual income. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 120 rice farmers across selected villages. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. Findings revealed high participation in training (90%), input supply (75%), extension services (80%), and farming equipment (78.33%), but limited access to credit (50%), water pumps (24.17%), and market linkages (31.67%). The mean annual income of the farmers was N359,745.83. However, the Pearson correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between ABP participation and farmers’ annual income (r = 0.054; p = 0.425), indicating that the programme did not significantly improve farmers' income in the study area. The study concluded that, while the ABP provided valuable support services, its financial impact remains limited. It recommended expanding credit access, improving market linkages, and strengthening irrigation infrastructure to enhance programme effectiveness.

Keywords: Anchor Borrowers’ Programme (ABP), Rice farmers, Credits, Participation

Effect of Agricultural Information accessed via social media on Cassava Farmers in Odogbolu Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria

Dada, O.E, Abdulsalam-Saghir, P.B, Ukachi, E.U, Oyewole, O.V — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the effect of agricultural practices accessed via social media on cassava production in Odogbolu Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 120 cassava farmers, while primary data were collected using questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean, and regression. Results showed that 51.7% of the respondents were male with average age of 47.53 years and mean farming experience of 22.60 years. Results also showed that information on cassava market pricing updates (x̄ = 2.67), improved cassava varieties (x̄ = 2.65), pest and disease control techniques (x̄ = 2.64) and organic farming (x̄ = 2.33) were the commonly used agricultural information accessed through social media. Findings further showed that the average cassava yield was 18,690 kg/ha, while respondents mentioned the most benefit of using information on social media to include, improved access to agricultural knowledge (x̄ = 4.13). Regression analysis showed that organic farming (β= 3.867, p < 0.001), climate-smart practices (β= 3.052, p = 0.014), and agroforestry (β= 3.260, p = 0.018) significantly improved cassava production. The study concluded that social media played a growing role in enhancing cassava productivity. Findings from this study emphasized the need to promote the use of social media for agricultural productivity and food security. To this effect, extension agents should use common social media platforms to share verified agricultural information with cassava farmers.

Key words: Digital extension, Improved yield, Food security, Agricultural sustainability

Effectiveness of Information and Communication Technology Use for Extension Services in Abia State, Nigeria

Nwankwo, Ifeoma Vivian, Odoemelam, Lovina Enyidiya, Mbajiuka, Stella — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the extent to which ICT is utilized as a strategic tool for enhancing agricultural extension and advisory services in Abia State. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 150 respondents (comprising 120 farmers and 30 extension agents) using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were employed for data interpretation. Findings revealed a high level of awareness and usage of ICT tools such as mobile phones, WhatsApp, SMS, and social media platforms among extension agents and farmers. Despite this, a Pearson correlation result indicated a weak and statistically insignificant relationship (r = -0.03, p = 0.715) between ICT usage and perceived effectiveness of service delivery. This suggests that while ICT tools are widely used and appreciated, their full potential is yet to be realized due to numerous constraints. Key challenges identified include poor network coverage, irregular power supply, lack of digital literacy, high cost of ICT devices, and the absence of technical support structures. These findings highlight the need for a more holistic approach involving infrastructure development, digital training, and supportive policies to fully harness ICT’s potential in agricultural extension. The study concludes that while ICT holds significant promise for improving AEAS in Abia State, its impact is currently limited by systemic barriers that must be urgently addressed.

Keywords: ICT, Agricultural Extension, Advisory Services, Rural farmers, Abia State.

Technology Adoption and Its Impact on Rural Women's Entrepreneurial Activities in the Cassava Value Chain: A Review

Abali, I; Odinwa, Emerhirhi, E , Beregha,B.T — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study was a review of technology adoption and its impact on rural women’s entrepreneurial activities within the Cassava Value Chain. It provided conceptual clarifications on key terms such as, technology adoption, cassava value chain, and rural entrepreneurship, and also emphasized interconnectivity among these concepts. Furthermore, the review examined the various activities involved in the cassava value chain, highlighting the critical roles played by rural women in enhancing the value of cassava products. The study identified and discussed the challenges these rural women face, including limited access to technology, inadequate training, and socio-cultural barriers that hinder their entrepreneurial efforts. Through a synthesis of existing literature and empirical evidence, the paper offered recommendations aimed at fostering technology adoption among rural women, thereby enhancing their entrepreneurial capabilities and contributing to the overall development of the cassava value chain, especially at the grassroots level. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that support rural women in overcoming barriers and leveraging technology for sustainable entrepreneurship.

Keywords: Adoption, technology, rural women, cassava, value-chain.

Use of Integrated Pest Management Practice (IPM) on the Yield of Rice in Abia State, Nigeria.

Idibia, E, Odoemelam, L.E, Ekwe, K.C , Ogbuji, N.I — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study assessed the effect of use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practice on yield of rice in Abia State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study included, to; ascertain farmers’ awareness of IPM, determine the level of utilization of IPM practice by the respondents and estimate the yield of rice farmers after the use of IPM. The hypothesis states that use of IPM practice had no significant effect on the yield of rice in the study area. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents from Abia State, Nigeria. Questionnaire and interview schedule were used for data collection, and data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency count, percentages, mean scores and regression model. The results showed that most (67.5%) of the farmers were aware of IPM practice. The estimated yield of rice farmers was low (1,229.19kg/ha) before they started using IPM but became high (3,067.08kg/ha) after the use of IPM practice. The grand mean score (= 3.11) showed that there was high utilization of IPM in Abia State. The farmers’ use of IPM had significant effect on yield of rice at 1% probability level. The study therefore, concluded that the use of IPM practice had a positive effect on yield of rice in Abia State. It, therefore, recommended that, farm shows/exhibition programmes should be organized by agricultural agencies and cooperatives to enable rice farmers showcase their high yields from IPM practice and encourage more farmers to utilize IPM practice.

Keywords: Effect, Utilization, Integrated Pest Management Practice and Yield.

The Feeding Habits and Some Aspects of the Biology of Fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Madugu, A. , Adamu, N. N, Edward, A, Kayam, A, Faci, M. R, Ndeham, V. R — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study focused on the feeding habits and some aspects of biology of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from Girzhiva stream, Muchalla area, Mubi zone, Nigeria. It was conducted for a period of four months (4) Starting from February,2023 and ended in May,2023. Water was collected from three (3) different sites twice a month and was analyzed using standard methods for quality and fish sample determination. The sites mean and monthly mean water temperature, conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen DO, Hydrogen Ion Concentration pH, Transparency, Total Dissolved Solid TDS, and Ammonia ranged from [26.20±0.79-25.83±0.79 and 27.53±0.18-25.50±0.06, 147.67±1.00-177.67±1.00 and 243.59-186.01±1.00, 3.73+0.31-4.33±0.31 and 3.96±0.34-4.42±1.00, 7.60±1.00-7.97±0.52 and 7.24±0.34-7.70±0.34, 31.67±1.00-48.00±1.00 and 31.19±0.11-49.90±1.00, 62.00±1.00-174.67±0.32 and 1.80±1.00-76.41±1.00, 0.26±0.24-0.28±0.24 and 0.13±1.00-0.26±0.84] respectively. The monthly water qualities were within the range set up by FEPA and WHO. The results obtained for length weight relationship regression are r²=0.6378, x=1.2206 y=1.8835. The results obtained for stomach contents based on frequency of occurrence and total point method are 26.60%, 84.12 plants materials, 20.52%, 71.75% digested food materials, 18.92%, 57.01% unidentified materials, 17.63%, 46.43% insect materials and 16.41%, 48.31% detritus. The ratio of male to female obtained was 7:5. The fecundity results obtained 14086±1.00--25100±1.00 at site and 9943±1.00—28519±1.00. These indicate that the fish are prolific. It was recommended that a continuous monitoring of water quality of Girzhiva stream should be done to examine their level of pollutions.

Keywords: Fish farming, Feeding habit, Oreochromis niloticus

Determinants of Climate-Smart Agriculture Uptake among Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) Growers in Abia State, Nigeria

Umeh O. J. , Okoye, A. C. — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the determinants of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) uptake among orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) growers in Abia State, Nigeria. Using a proportional stratified sampling technique, data were collected from 179 respondents through structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics described farmers’ socio-economic profiles and climate change impacts, while a 3-point Likert type scale assessed perceptions of CSA practices. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified commonly adopted CSA strategies and key constraints, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression along with Z-tests were used to analyze socio-institutional factors influencing adoption and variations among farmer groups. Findings revealed that the majority of respondents experienced climate-related challenges, including increased rainfall (82.1%), higher temperatures (62.6%), prolonged drought (64.8%), and a generally hotter environment (59.8%). In response, farmers adopted soil management practices such as organic manure (0.6638), inorganic fertilizer (0.6068), and ridge/mound planting (0.4458), as well as crop-focused practices like improved varieties (0.6725) and altered planting dates (0.4165). Constraints to CSA uptake included high labor costs (0.4083) and limited access to extension services (0.5210). Regression results showed that farming experience, occupation, and location were negatively associated with CSA uptake, whereas income, training participation, and land ownership were positively and significantly related. The study recommended enhanced training and capacity building, improved access to credit and subsidized inputs, and effective implementation of land-use policies to strengthen CSA adoption and build resilience among OFSP farmers in the region.

Keywords: Climate-smart agriculture; Orange-fleshed sweet potato; Adoption determinants; Climate change adaptation; Smallholder farmers

Constraints Affecting Adoption of Pesticides among Vegetable Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

I. U. Umoh, I. J. Udousung , N. U. Okorie — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pest remains a crucial constraint to vegetable production in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria. This study was therefore undertaken to examine constraints to the adoption of pesticides among vegetable farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted with 120 respondents for the study. Result of socio-economic characteristics of farmers showed that they had a mean age of 41, a greater number (50%) of the respondents had formal education. A greater proportion (66.7%) respondents earned between ₦21,000 – ₦40,000 per month, with mean monthly income of ₦30,500. The result indicated the prevalence pesticides use in the area. As per factor analysis, Factor 1 show the economic and accessibility challenge which explains 34.37% of the variance, high cost of pesticide" (0.842), "Poor pesticides education" (0.828), and "inadequate fund to buy" (0.811) loaded heavily, emphasizing that economic constraints significantly hinder the use of pesticides. The study concluded that economic, logistical, and knowledge-related factors are the primary barriers preventing the widespread use of pesticides. The study recommended awareness creation by sensitizing farmers through the extension agents.

Keywords: Constraintsdoption, Pesticides, Vegetable farmers.

Analysis of Gender Involvement in Oil Palm Fruit Processing in Imo State, Nigeria

Echerem-Udeogu, Nwachukwu, I — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzed gender involvement in oil palm fruit processing in Imo State, Nigeria. The study specifically identified the methods used by men and women in the processing of oil palm fruits, ascertained the level of involvement of men and women in oil palm fruit processing and examined the constraints faced by men and women in oil palm fruit processing in the study area. Multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted in selecting 240 respondents comprising 120 men and 120 women oil palm fruit rocessors for the study. Primary data were used for this study. Data were collected with the use of structured questionnaire and analyzed with the use of both descriptive (frequency, percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (Z-test). The results revealed that semi-modern (52.50%) method was the major method used by men in the processing of oil palm fruits in Imo State. It also revealed that semi-modern (60.00%) method was the major method used by women in the processing of oil palm fruits in the study area. The results also showed that men ( = 2.45) and women ( = 2.76) were highly involved in oil palm fruits processing activities in the study area. Unavailability of improved technology and equipment ( = 2.27), poor access to improved seedlings ( = 2.26), inadequate land ( = 2.21) and distance to processing mills ( = 2.19) were the serious constraints faced by men in oil palm fruit processing in Imo State. Unavailability of improved technology and equipment ( = 2.43), inadequate land ( = 2.41), poor access to improved seedlings ( = 2.35) and distance to processing mills ( = 2.16) were serious constraints faced by women. The Z–test result revealed a significant difference in the level of involvement of men and women in oil palm fruit processing at 5% level of probability. The study concluded that both men and women were highly involved in oil palm fruit processing in the study area. The study therefore recommended that the state government gears up efforts in providing processing mills and modern, efficient processing equipment which would further enhance men and women involvement in oil palm fruit processing in the study area.

Keywords: Gender, Oil palm fruit, processing, Imo State

Economic, Psychological and Conflict Resolution Impacts of Farmer–Herder Clashes on Crop Farmers in Southeast, Nigeria

Kalu, C. I, Odoemelam, L E, Ekumankama, O. O. — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the impact of farmer–herder clashes farmers across the southeast in Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select 240 respondents across the region based on conflict-endemic communities using structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions for data collection. Frequency counts and percentages, mean scores, simple linear regression, and ANOVA, were employed to analysis the data. Findings reveal substantial economic losses incurred by farmers due to the conflict, including a reduction in output (x̄ = 3.93), food scarcity (x̄ = 3.63), loss of income (x̄ = 3.80), and persistent increases in food prices (x̄ = 3.66). Psychological effects such as fear (x̄ = 3.88), stress (x̄ = 3.65), worry (x̄ = 3.74), and sleeplessness (x̄ = 3.85) were also reported, significantly affecting farmers' well-being and productivity. However, ANOVA results show no significant difference in the effects of the conflict across the three states (F = 0.161, p > 0.05). To resolve these conflicts, stakeholders recommend reducing state actors' involvement in disputes (???? = 3.81), compensating victims (???? = 3.88), enforcing agreed herding routes (???? = 3.74), and reactivating grazing reserves in Northern Nigeria (???? = 3.52). The study underscores the urgent need for structured interventions, policy reforms, and peace-building initiatives to mitigate the adverse effects of the conflict. Effective conflict resolution strategies, community engagement, and sustainable agricultural policies are essential to restoring harmony and improving the livelihoods of farmers in Southeast Nigeria.

Keywords: Herder-farmer, conflict, economic losses, psychological Effects, Conflict resolution

Analysis of Quantity and Value of Post-Harvest Losses in Marketing Pawpaw and Banana in Selected Markets in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzed the quantity and value of post-harvest losses in pawpaw and banana marketing in selected markets in Kano Metropolis of Kano State, Nigeria. Purposefully specific markets were selected for the study due to their significant concentration of fruit traders operating at both retail and wholesale levels included the Yan Lemo fruit market, Yankaba, and Yankura. Copies of structured questionnaire were used to collect data, descriptive statistics and Post-Harvest Loss Estimation (PHLE) Model were used to achieve the two objectives. The age distribution shows that majority of wholesale marketers had a mean age of 48.50 years, while retail pawpaw marketers fall within the 31-40 age group (51.7%). It was revealed that retail pawpaw marketers predominantly have a mean of 12 persons; wholesale pawpaw marketers had a larger mean household size of 18 persons. During the sorting of pawpaw the mean quantity lost was 2.53 pieces and the mean value lost was approximately ₦3,640.00. In the banana marketing process, significant losses also occurred. During the sorting stage, the mean quantity lost was 1.58 pieces (with a range from 1 to 4 pieces) and the mean value lost was ₦2,705.26 (minimum ₦2,000, maximum ₦3,600). This reflects similar issues as seen with pawpaw, where sorting inadequacies can lead to economic setbacks. The study also recommended the need for effective strategies to reduce post-harvest losses, and adopting new management techniques

Key words; post-harvest, losses, Quantity, Value, Retail, Wholesale

Assessment of Youths’ Participation in Cocoa Production in Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria

Anyanwu, E.V, Kanu, R.U, Ukoha, J. C. I, Ekumankama, O.O. — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined youth participation in cocoa production in the Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling, 80 respondents were selected, and data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and correlation. Results showed a high level of youth involvement in cocoa production, with a high grand mean of 3.64, particularly in gathering pods (x̄ = 3.96), planting (x̄ = 3.96), processing x̄ = 3.81), and marketing (x̄ = 3.75). Despite challenges including inadequate extension services (x̄ = 3.33), insufficient training (x̄ = 3.68), lack of improved technologies (x̄ = 3.96), and lack of insurance (x̄ = 3.43), youths perceived cocoa farming as lucrative and beneficial to their income and welfare. Significant determinants of participation included marital status, education, farming experience, credit access, and cooperative membership. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive relationship (r = 0.5525***) between involvement and positive perception of cocoa production. The study concludes that youths are actively engaged in cocoa farming and recommends that government and NGOs enhance training, extension services, and access to improved technologies to address constraints and further support youth participation.

Keyword: Youths, Youth’s Participation, Cocoa Production

Utilization of Post-Harvest Management Strategies among Cashew Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria

Egwuonwu, Helen Adeola , Ndukauba, Chidinma Miriam — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzed utilization of post-harvest management strategies among cashew farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 72 cashew farmers for this study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, and were also analyzed with descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and mean) and inferential statistics (multiple regression). Result of the study revealed that cashew farmers had a mean age of 45.64years, 75.59% were males, 73.61% were married, 86.11% had secondary education. The mean household size was 7 persons, mean years of farming experience was 19.25 years. While, 76.39% were not member of cooperative society, 88.89% had no contact with extension service. The average number of cashew trees owned by the farmers was 161 trees, majority (92.28%) had no access to credit and had mean annual income of ₦82,861.11. Cashew farmers experienced losses mostly during the harvesting (97.2%), processing stage (97.2%), packaging stage (94.4%), storage (80.6%) and distribution/marketing stages (72%). Postharvest management strategies utilized were harvesting as soon as the fruits mature (95.8%), farm-gate sales immediately after harvest to reduce postharvest losses (93.1%). Also, the socio-economic characteristics of farmers influenced the number of postharvest management strategies adopted by them with values of (R²) = 0.641 and F-ratio value = 22.435 and significant at 5% probability level. Poor extension contacts (98.61%), poor storage facilities (97.22%), poor processing facilities (95.83%), high cost of postharvest management equipment (95.83%) and inadequate knowledge of the use of modern postharvest technologies (94.4%) were constraints to utilization of post-harvest management strategies. The study recommends that extension agents should organize training on cashew postharvest management practices.

Keywords: Cashew, Postharvest losses, Postharvest management

Analysis of Farmers’ Participation in Cocoa Agroforestry Systems in Abia State, Nigeria

Nwaobiala, C. U, 1Ezeogu, C. J, Azuonye, G. N. , Anakwue, C. V. — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzed farmers’ participation in cocoa agroforestry systems in Abia State, Nigeria. It specifically; described socio-economic characteristics of farmers; ascertained their levels of participation and ascertained perception of farmers towards cocoa agroforestry systems attributes. Multistage random sampling procedure was used to select one hundred and twenty (120) cocoa farmers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and results analyzed with descriptive (such as frequency counts, mean scores and percentages) and inferential statistics (Tobit and multiple regression analyses). Results revealed that majority (96.7%) of cocoa farmers were males, acquired secondary education (93.33%) with mean annual farm income of N573, 500.00, mean monthly extension contact of 2.9 visits and mean years of social organization membership of 8 years. Farmers had favourable perception (=3.0) and high participation (=2.4) in cocoa agroforestry system attributes. Multiple regression result showed that coefficients for sex (β=0.0766), education (β=0.0439), farm income (β=4.72), extension contact (β=0.0999) and membership of social organization (β=0.0203), influenced farmers’ participation in cocoa agro-forestry systems. However, climate change adaptation (β=0.0242), climate change mitigation (β=-0.1118), use of environmentally friendly measures (β=0.0066), disease and pest reduction measures (β=-0.0136) and soil conservation, reduced soil erosion and flooding (β=0.04251) influenced perceived attributes of farmers’ participation in cocoa agroforestry systems. The study concluded that famers had high participation in cocoa agroforestry systems and its attributes. It is recommended that farmers should be introduced to other agroforestry-based climate change adaptation technologies in order to effectively build resilience through extension education, formation of farmer-based organizations for increased participation in cocoa agroforestry systems.

Key words: Participation, Cocoa, Agroforestry systems, Farmers

Awareness of Precision Agricultural Technologies among Crop Farmers for Rural Livelihoods’ Enhancement in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Chukwu, V.O, Okereke, C.O, Yusuf, O.J, Nimiyi, C.M, Okoye, C.C , Agidi U. D. — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed the awareness of Precision Agricultural Techniques (PATs) in Ebonyi State. Specifically, the specific objectives were to: ascertain farmers’ awareness of PATs, describe their sources of information on PATs; identify PATs adopted and analyze constraints to adoption of PATs. Four-stage sampling procedure was used for the selection of 120 respondents. Primary data were collected using structured interview schedule, and analyzed with percentages, mean scores and factor analysis. Result showed that awareness of PAT increased for variable rate of fertilizer application ( =3.75), studying weed/pest population ( =3.58), control and use of farm machineries/equipment ( =3.58). Furthermore, radio (63.3%), television (57.5%), extension agents (59.2%) and contact farmers (50.3%) were major sources of information on PAT. Factor analysis results yielded three composite factors that limited adoption decision, all having eigen values above 1; namely: ‘socio-economic’, financial and ‘institutional’ factors. It was concluded that several factors were associated with farmers’ adoption decision of PATs. A concerted effort focusing on addressing the isolated factors by extension organizations is thereby recommended.

Keywords: Awareness, Precision Agriculture, Rural Livelihoods, Factor analysis

Effect of Microcredit Availability on the Performance of Micro Enterprises in Abia State, Nigeria

Ogbe, S.E, Ekwuruke, J.C — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study assessed the effect of microcredit availability on the performance of micro enterprises in Abia State, Nigeria. The study’s objectives were; determine the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, determine the level of credit availability to microenterprises, determine the factors influencing the level of credit availability, and determine the effect of credit availability on microenterprise performance. The study adopted a proportionate sampling technique in selecting 90 micro entrepreneurs. Primary data were collected from the respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics such as means, percentages, frequency distributions, OLS Regression, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study found that 99.6% of respondents, regardless of access to microcredit, were primarily involved in food-based microenterprises. Most were educated, married, experienced, and part of cooperative societies, but only 42% had access to credit, possibly due to compliance with credit terms and the viability of their businesses. A positive and significant relationship was identified between credit availability and microenterprise performance, with 70% of respondents having the socioeconomic characteristics suitable for microcredit. Membership in cooperatives also aided access to credit. The study recommended prioritizing individuals with the necessary qualifications in credit programs to enhance microcredit utilization and support microenterprise development and sustainability

Key Words: Microcredit, Availability, Performance, Micro Agro-enterprises

Utilisation of E-Learning and E-Reporting Technologies among Agricultural Lecturers of Tertiary Institutions in Imo State, Nigeria

Asonye, N.C, Chukwu, A.O, Anaeto, F.C3, Nwoye, E.O, Okoma, C.M — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the utilization of e-learning and e-reporting technologies among agricultural lecturers in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The objectives were to describe respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, ascertain the level of utilization of these digital platforms for research dissemination, and identify the socio-economic factors influencing technology utilization. A sample of 150 lecturers was selected through purposive and proportionate sampling across four institutions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Findings showed that most respondents were male (60.7%), with a mean age of 42 years, and highly educated (91.4% held postgraduate degrees). Agricultural researchers demonstrated high levels of engagement with several digital platforms, with ResearchGate and Zoom/Google Meet being the most widely used (mean scores of 2.74 and 2.59, respectively). Conversely, Moodle and the Open Science Framework were the least utilized (0.45 and 0.55). Multiple Regression results revealed that sex, marital status, educational level, membership in social organizations, monthly income, access to ICTs, and work experience significantly and positively influenced utilization, while household size was not significant. The study recommends strengthening ICT infrastructure and broadband access, providing continuous digital literacy training, developing institutional policies that support digital research dissemination, and fostering partnerships with technology providers and open-access platforms.

Keywords: Utilization, E-learning, E-reporting, Agricultural Researchers, Tertiary Institutions, Imo State

Gender Differentials in the Utilization of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies among Rural Cassava Farmers in South-East, Nigeria

Eze, G.N, Onuekwusi, G.C, Odoemelam, L.E, Okoroma, E.O — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzed the gender differentials in the utilization of climate change adaptation strategies among rural cassava farmers in South-east, Nigeria. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of male and female cassava farmers; identified information sources on climate change adaptation strategies employed by male and female cassava farmers and their perceived effects of climate change on cassava production. Data were collected from 280 farmers selected through multistage sampling procedure with the aid of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency distribution; percentage counts; mean score and ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results showed that the mean age of the cassava farmers was 47 years (males) and 45 years (females), majority of male (88%) and female (66.19%) were married. 44.2% of the male farmers and 42.86% of the female farmers acquired tertiary education. About 43.07% of the female farmers and 53.35% practiced mixed cropping as their major production system. Fellow farmers were the major information sources on indigenous and modern climate change adaptation strategies for male (97.70%) and female farmers (97.17%). The male farmers identified prolonged drought (, and incidence of pest and disease ( as major effects of climate change on cassava production), while the female farmers indicated increased flooding ( and prolonged drought (. The study concluded that there was no significant difference between male and female cassava farmers in climate change adaptation strategies across States. Hence, it recommended that male and female cassava farmers should form vibrant Farmers’ Association that can come together to share knowledge on the use of sustainable adaptation strategies and to curb the effect of climate change on cassava crops.

Keywords: Cassava production, Climate change, Adaptation strategies, Gender, Rural farmers