Economic, Psychological and Conflict Resolution Impacts of Farmer–Herder Clashes on Crop Farmers in Southeast, Nigeria

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of farmer–herder clashes farmers across the southeast in Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select 240 respondents across the region based on conflict-endemic communities using structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions for data collection. Frequency counts and percentages, mean scores, simple linear regression, and ANOVA, were employed to analysis the data. Findings reveal substantial economic losses incurred by farmers due to the conflict, including a reduction in output (x̄ = 3.93), food scarcity (x̄ = 3.63), loss of income (x̄ = 3.80), and persistent increases in food prices (x̄ = 3.66). Psychological effects such as fear (x̄ = 3.88), stress (x̄ = 3.65), worry (x̄ = 3.74), and sleeplessness (x̄ = 3.85) were also reported, significantly affecting farmers' well-being and productivity. However, ANOVA results show no significant difference in the effects of the conflict across the three states (F = 0.161, p > 0.05). To resolve these conflicts, stakeholders recommend reducing state actors' involvement in disputes (???? = 3.81), compensating victims (???? = 3.88), enforcing agreed herding routes (???? = 3.74), and reactivating grazing reserves in Northern Nigeria (???? = 3.52). The study underscores the urgent need for structured interventions, policy reforms, and peace-building initiatives to mitigate the adverse effects of the conflict. Effective conflict resolution strategies, community engagement, and sustainable agricultural policies are essential to restoring harmony and improving the livelihoods of farmers in Southeast Nigeria.

Keywords: Herder-farmer, conflict, economic losses, psychological Effects, Conflict resolution